Select your language
- Details
- By Pierluigi Quagliotto
- Category: Uncategorised
- Hits: 130816
Notions of nomenclature for the use of the exercises on this site
The classification of organic compounds in the manner recommended by IUPAC requires you to make some remarks when there relates to a method for proposing a database-based exercises.
Alkyl residue "trivial names" such as tert-butyl or Isopropyl can create ambiguity, when you must assign a name to a molecule. In other words, can be used? Since it is not strictly "IUPAC expressions, when you want to build an educational system based on a database, you must make choices. The site database, can use these "trivial names". It will therefore be borne in mind that according to IUPAC, such groups may be appointed as 1-methylethyl (isopropyl) and 1,1-dimethylethyl (tert-butyl). You need so caution in assigning names. Please consider that, when you will find two or more substitutents whose name can be “trivial” you have two choices to build the whole molecular name. You can decide to use trivial or IUPAC names for those subsituents, but not both, in the same name. You can define a name having all substituents named by the trivial way or by IUPAC nomenclature system but not a mixture of the two methods.
As a second point, please remember that because often you write complex and long names, you have to pay attention to what you type on the keyboard. Often the correct typing can make all the difference.
Finally, as advice to Italian students who want to face with the nomenclature in the English language, which it is hoped since this is the nomenclature that is used in the chemical literature, you should put a lot of attention to the writing of the names, due to differences between the two languages (one for all: esano - hexane). For this purpose you can use as a reference this link.
- Details
- By Pierluigi Quagliotto
- Category: Uncategorised
- Hits: 2811
This site started as a personal initiative of the teacher and grew up to become an institutional tool, of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Turin. Early development of the site and its evolution would not have been possible if there had not been the input of several people and institutions. I wish to express my grateful thanks to:
Prof. Norbert Haider, (University of Vienna) for the development of molecular MolDB6.
dr. Peter Ertl (Novartis) and Dr. Bruno Bienfait (Molecular Networks) for the continuous development of JavaScript application JSME
Prof. Robert Hanson, for the continuous development of JavaScript application JSMol and multiplatform Java program JMol, wide availability to develop specific functions within JMol/JSMol, for the help and many tips.
Prof. Otis Rothemberger, for the great help in the Javascript / HTML programming of complex pages. His help was essential for the preparation of the IUPAC naming page. During this work I learned so much from Otis, esepcially about the use of advanced functions in Javascript and the AJAX communication with remote servers. Our common interest to develop applications devoted to teaching activities based on Free and Open Source apps, was the foundation of this collaboration, which we hope will produce other results for students, all over the world
Prof. Nick Greeves (University of Liverpool), for the development of the site ChemTube 3D and of that of the Mechanism Animations contained in the site. We thank Prof. Greeves for the distribution of all the material and animations of the ChemTube 3D site under the Creative Commons licence, thus granting to all people, students and Teachers, to use them to improve their study of Organic Chemistry.
My research group at the University of Turin (Prof. E. Barni, Prof. G. Viscardi, Prof. C. Barolo, Dr. N. Barbero), which has always encouraged me to explore new research and teaching activity and opportunities.
the Department of Chemistry, the Bachelor of science in Chemistry and the Master of Science in Materials Science
the ICT Group (Direction of Information Science) of the University of Turin for the hosting service availability, Dr. Paolo Riccati Dr. Alessandro Greganti for the server preparation and several informations and advices.
Il Piano Lauree Scientifiche of the ITALIAN MINISTRY of EDUCATION and RESEARCH (MIUR), for the provision of teaching support scholarship, dedicated to programming interactive web pages for the learning and performing improvement of students.
- Details
- By Iacopo Benesperi
- Category: Uncategorised
- Hits: 20852
 PHP Version 8.2.25 |
| System | Linux iorgchem.ateneo.unito.it 5.4.0-200-generic #220-Ubuntu SMP Fri Sep 27 13:19:16 UTC 2024 x86_64 |
| Build Date | Oct 30 2024 11:25:21 |
| Build System | Linux |
| Server API | FPM/FastCGI |
| Virtual Directory Support | disabled |
| Configuration File (php.ini) Path | /etc/php/8.2/fpm |
| Loaded Configuration File | /etc/php/8.2/fpm/php.ini |
| Scan this dir for additional .ini files | /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d |
| Additional .ini files parsed | /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/10-mysqlnd.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/10-opcache.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/10-pdo.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/15-xml.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-bz2.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-calendar.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-ctype.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-curl.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-dom.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-exif.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-ffi.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-fileinfo.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-ftp.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-gd.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-gettext.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-iconv.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-intl.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-mbstring.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-mcrypt.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-mysqli.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-pdo_mysql.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-phar.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-posix.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-readline.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-shmop.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-simplexml.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-soap.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-sockets.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-sysvmsg.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-sysvsem.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-sysvshm.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-tokenizer.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-xmlreader.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-xmlrpc.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-xmlwriter.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-xsl.ini, /etc/php/8.2/fpm/conf.d/20-zip.ini |
| PHP API | 20220829 |
| PHP Extension | 20220829 |
| Zend Extension | 420220829 |
| Zend Extension Build | API420220829,NTS |
| PHP Extension Build | API20220829,NTS |
| Debug Build | no |
| Thread Safety | disabled |
| Zend Signal Handling | enabled |
| Zend Memory Manager | enabled |
| Zend Multibyte Support | provided by mbstring |
| Zend Max Execution Timers | disabled |
| IPv6 Support | enabled |
| DTrace Support | available, disabled |
| Registered PHP Streams | https, ftps, compress.zlib, php, file, glob, data, http, ftp, compress.bzip2, zip, phar |
| Registered Stream Socket Transports | tcp, udp, unix, udg, ssl, tls, tlsv1.0, tlsv1.1, tlsv1.2, tlsv1.3 |
| Registered Stream Filters | zlib.*, string.rot13, string.toupper, string.tolower, convert.*, consumed, dechunk, bzip2.*, convert.iconv.*, mcrypt.*, mdecrypt.* |
This program makes use of the Zend Scripting Language Engine:Zend Engine v4.2.25, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies with Zend OPcache v8.2.25, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies |
Configuration
bz2
| BZip2 Support | Enabled |
| Stream Wrapper support | compress.bzip2:// |
| Stream Filter support | bzip2.decompress, bzip2.compress |
| BZip2 Version | 1.0.8, 13-Jul-2019 |
calendar
| Calendar support | enabled |
cgi-fcgi
| php-fpm | active |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| cgi.discard_path | Off | Off |
| cgi.fix_pathinfo | On | On |
| cgi.force_redirect | On | On |
| cgi.nph | Off | Off |
| cgi.redirect_status_env | no value | no value |
| cgi.rfc2616_headers | Off | Off |
| fastcgi.error_header | no value | no value |
| fastcgi.logging | On | On |
| fpm.config | no value | no value |
Core
| PHP Version | 8.2.25 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| allow_url_fopen | On | On |
| allow_url_include | Off | Off |
| arg_separator.input | & | & |
| arg_separator.output | & | & |
| auto_append_file | no value | no value |
| auto_globals_jit | On | On |
| auto_prepend_file | no value | no value |
| browscap | no value | no value |
| default_charset | UTF-8 | UTF-8 |
| default_mimetype | text/html | text/html |
| disable_classes | no value | no value |
| disable_functions | no value | no value |
| display_errors | Off | Off |
| display_startup_errors | Off | Off |
| doc_root | no value | no value |
| docref_ext | no value | no value |
| docref_root | no value | no value |
| enable_dl | Off | Off |
| enable_post_data_reading | On | On |
| error_append_string | no value | no value |
| error_log | no value | no value |
| error_log_mode | 0644 | 0644 |
| error_prepend_string | no value | no value |
| error_reporting | 22517 | 22517 |
| expose_php | Off | Off |
| extension_dir | /usr/lib/php/20220829 | /usr/lib/php/20220829 |
| fiber.stack_size | no value | no value |
| file_uploads | On | On |
| hard_timeout | 2 | 2 |
| highlight.comment | #FF8000 | #FF8000 |
| highlight.default | #0000BB | #0000BB |
| highlight.html | #000000 | #000000 |
| highlight.keyword | #007700 | #007700 |
| highlight.string | #DD0000 | #DD0000 |
| html_errors | On | On |
| ignore_repeated_errors | Off | Off |
| ignore_repeated_source | Off | Off |
| ignore_user_abort | Off | Off |
| implicit_flush | Off | Off |
| include_path | .:/usr/share/php | .:/usr/share/php |
| input_encoding | no value | no value |
| internal_encoding | no value | no value |
| log_errors | On | On |
| mail.add_x_header | Off | Off |
| mail.force_extra_parameters | no value | no value |
| mail.log | no value | no value |
| mail.mixed_lf_and_crlf | Off | Off |
| max_execution_time | 30000 | 30000 |
| max_file_uploads | 20 | 20 |
| max_input_nesting_level | 64 | 64 |
| max_input_time | 60 | 60 |
| max_input_vars | 1000 | 1000 |
| max_multipart_body_parts | -1 | -1 |
| memory_limit | 512M | 512M |
| open_basedir | no value | no value |
| output_buffering | 4096 | 4096 |
| output_encoding | no value | no value |
| output_handler | no value | no value |
| post_max_size | 256M | 256M |
| precision | 14 | 14 |
| realpath_cache_size | 4096K | 4096K |
| realpath_cache_ttl | 120 | 120 |
| register_argc_argv | Off | Off |
| report_memleaks | On | On |
| report_zend_debug | Off | Off |
| request_order | GP | GP |
| sendmail_from | no value | no value |
| sendmail_path | /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i | /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i |
| serialize_precision | -1 | -1 |
| short_open_tag | Off | Off |
| SMTP | localhost | localhost |
| smtp_port | 25 | 25 |
| sys_temp_dir | no value | no value |
| syslog.facility | LOG_USER | LOG_USER |
| syslog.filter | no-ctrl | no-ctrl |
| syslog.ident | php | php |
| unserialize_callback_func | no value | no value |
| upload_max_filesize | 256M | 256M |
| upload_tmp_dir | /var/www/joomla_tmp | /var/www/joomla_tmp |
| user_dir | no value | no value |
| user_ini.cache_ttl | 300 | 300 |
| user_ini.filename | .user.ini | .user.ini |
| variables_order | GPCS | GPCS |
| xmlrpc_error_number | 0 | 0 |
| xmlrpc_errors | Off | Off |
| zend.assertions | -1 | -1 |
| zend.detect_unicode | On | On |
| zend.enable_gc | On | On |
| zend.exception_ignore_args | On | On |
| zend.exception_string_param_max_len | 0 | 0 |
| zend.multibyte | Off | Off |
| zend.script_encoding | no value | no value |
| zend.signal_check | Off | Off |
ctype
| ctype functions | enabled |
curl
| cURL support | enabled |
| cURL Information | 7.68.0 |
| Age | 5 |
| Features | |
| AsynchDNS | Yes |
| CharConv | No |
| Debug | No |
| GSS-Negotiate | No |
| IDN | Yes |
| IPv6 | Yes |
| krb4 | No |
| Largefile | Yes |
| libz | Yes |
| NTLM | Yes |
| NTLMWB | Yes |
| SPNEGO | Yes |
| SSL | Yes |
| SSPI | No |
| TLS-SRP | Yes |
| HTTP2 | Yes |
| GSSAPI | Yes |
| KERBEROS5 | Yes |
| UNIX_SOCKETS | Yes |
| PSL | Yes |
| HTTPS_PROXY | Yes |
| MULTI_SSL | No |
| BROTLI | Yes |
| ALTSVC | No |
| HTTP3 | No |
| Protocols | dict, file, ftp, ftps, gopher, http, https, imap, imaps, ldap, ldaps, pop3, pop3s, rtmp, rtsp, scp, sftp, smb, smbs, smtp, smtps, telnet, tftp |
| Host | x86_64-pc-linux-gnu |
| SSL Version | OpenSSL/1.1.1f |
| ZLib Version | 1.2.11 |
| libSSH Version | libssh/0.9.3/openssl/zlib |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| curl.cainfo | no value | no value |
date
| date/time support | enabled |
| timelib version | 2022.12 |
| "Olson" Timezone Database Version | 0.system |
| Timezone Database | internal |
| Default timezone | UTC |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| date.default_latitude | 31.7667 | 31.7667 |
| date.default_longitude | 35.2333 | 35.2333 |
| date.sunrise_zenith | 90.833333 | 90.833333 |
| date.sunset_zenith | 90.833333 | 90.833333 |
| date.timezone | UTC | UTC |
dom
| DOM/XML | enabled |
| DOM/XML API Version | 20031129 |
| libxml Version | 2.9.14 |
| HTML Support | enabled |
| XPath Support | enabled |
| XPointer Support | enabled |
| Schema Support | enabled |
| RelaxNG Support | enabled |
exif
| EXIF Support | enabled |
| Supported EXIF Version | 0220 |
| Supported filetypes | JPEG, TIFF |
| Multibyte decoding support using mbstring | enabled |
| Extended EXIF tag formats | Canon, Casio, Fujifilm, Nikon, Olympus, Samsung, Panasonic, DJI, Sony, Pentax, Minolta, Sigma, Foveon, Kyocera, Ricoh, AGFA, Epson |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| exif.decode_jis_intel | JIS | JIS |
| exif.decode_jis_motorola | JIS | JIS |
| exif.decode_unicode_intel | UCS-2LE | UCS-2LE |
| exif.decode_unicode_motorola | UCS-2BE | UCS-2BE |
| exif.encode_jis | no value | no value |
| exif.encode_unicode | ISO-8859-15 | ISO-8859-15 |
FFI
| FFI support | enabled |
|---|
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| ffi.enable | preload | preload |
| ffi.preload | no value | no value |
fileinfo
| fileinfo support | enabled |
| libmagic | 540 |
filter
| Input Validation and Filtering | enabled |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| filter.default | unsafe_raw | unsafe_raw |
| filter.default_flags | no value | no value |
ftp
| FTP support | enabled |
| FTPS support | enabled |
gd
| GD Support | enabled |
| GD headers Version | 2.3.3 |
| GD library Version | 2.3.3 |
| FreeType Support | enabled |
| FreeType Linkage | with freetype |
| GIF Read Support | enabled |
| GIF Create Support | enabled |
| JPEG Support | enabled |
| PNG Support | enabled |
| WBMP Support | enabled |
| XPM Support | enabled |
| XBM Support | enabled |
| WebP Support | enabled |
| BMP Support | enabled |
| TGA Read Support | enabled |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| gd.jpeg_ignore_warning | On | On |
gettext
| GetText Support | enabled |
hash
| hash support | enabled |
| Hashing Engines | md2 md4 md5 sha1 sha224 sha256 sha384 sha512/224 sha512/256 sha512 sha3-224 sha3-256 sha3-384 sha3-512 ripemd128 ripemd160 ripemd256 ripemd320 whirlpool tiger128,3 tiger160,3 tiger192,3 tiger128,4 tiger160,4 tiger192,4 snefru snefru256 gost gost-crypto adler32 crc32 crc32b crc32c fnv132 fnv1a32 fnv164 fnv1a64 joaat murmur3a murmur3c murmur3f xxh32 xxh64 xxh3 xxh128 haval128,3 haval160,3 haval192,3 haval224,3 haval256,3 haval128,4 haval160,4 haval192,4 haval224,4 haval256,4 haval128,5 haval160,5 haval192,5 haval224,5 haval256,5 |
| MHASH support | Enabled |
| MHASH API Version | Emulated Support |
iconv
| iconv support | enabled |
| iconv implementation | glibc |
| iconv library version | 2.31 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| iconv.input_encoding | no value | no value |
| iconv.internal_encoding | no value | no value |
| iconv.output_encoding | no value | no value |
intl
| Internationalization support | enabled |
|---|---|
| ICU version | 66.1 |
| ICU Data version | 66.1 |
| ICU TZData version | 2024a |
| ICU Unicode version | 13.0 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| intl.default_locale | no value | no value |
| intl.error_level | 0 | 0 |
| intl.use_exceptions | Off | Off |
json
| json support | enabled |
libxml
| libXML support | active |
| libXML Compiled Version | 2.9.14 |
| libXML Loaded Version | 20914 |
| libXML streams | enabled |
mbstring
| Multibyte Support | enabled |
| Multibyte string engine | libmbfl |
| HTTP input encoding translation | disabled |
| libmbfl version | 1.3.2 |
| mbstring extension makes use of "streamable kanji code filter and converter", which is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1. |
|---|
| Multibyte (japanese) regex support | enabled |
| Multibyte regex (oniguruma) version | 6.9.4 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| mbstring.detect_order | no value | no value |
| mbstring.encoding_translation | Off | Off |
| mbstring.http_input | no value | no value |
| mbstring.http_output | no value | no value |
| mbstring.http_output_conv_mimetypes | ^(text/|application/xhtml\+xml) | ^(text/|application/xhtml\+xml) |
| mbstring.internal_encoding | no value | no value |
| mbstring.language | neutral | neutral |
| mbstring.regex_retry_limit | 1000000 | 1000000 |
| mbstring.regex_stack_limit | 100000 | 100000 |
| mbstring.strict_detection | Off | Off |
| mbstring.substitute_character | no value | no value |
mcrypt
| mcrypt support | enabled |
|---|---|
| mcrypt_filter support | enabled |
| Extension version | 1.0.7 |
| Library version | 2.5.8 |
| Api No | 20021217 |
| Supported ciphers | cast-128 gost rijndael-128 twofish arcfour cast-256 loki97 rijndael-192 saferplus wake blowfish-compat des rijndael-256 serpent xtea blowfish enigma rc2 tripledes |
| Supported modes | cbc cfb ctr ecb ncfb nofb ofb stream |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| mcrypt.algorithms_dir | no value | no value |
| mcrypt.modes_dir | no value | no value |
mysqli
| MysqlI Support | enabled |
|---|---|
| Client API library version | mysqlnd 8.2.25 |
| Active Persistent Links | 0 |
| Inactive Persistent Links | 0 |
| Active Links | 1 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| mysqli.allow_local_infile | Off | Off |
| mysqli.allow_persistent | On | On |
| mysqli.default_host | no value | no value |
| mysqli.default_port | 3306 | 3306 |
| mysqli.default_pw | no value | no value |
| mysqli.default_socket | /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock | /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock |
| mysqli.default_user | no value | no value |
| mysqli.local_infile_directory | no value | no value |
| mysqli.max_links | Unlimited | Unlimited |
| mysqli.max_persistent | Unlimited | Unlimited |
| mysqli.rollback_on_cached_plink | Off | Off |
mysqlnd
| mysqlnd | enabled |
|---|---|
| Version | mysqlnd 8.2.25 |
| Compression | supported |
| core SSL | supported |
| extended SSL | supported |
| Command buffer size | 4096 |
| Read buffer size | 32768 |
| Read timeout | 86400 |
| Collecting statistics | Yes |
| Collecting memory statistics | No |
| Tracing | n/a |
| Loaded plugins | mysqlnd,debug_trace,auth_plugin_mysql_native_password,auth_plugin_mysql_clear_password,auth_plugin_caching_sha2_password,auth_plugin_sha256_password |
| API Extensions | mysqli,pdo_mysql |
openssl
| OpenSSL support | enabled |
| OpenSSL Library Version | OpenSSL 1.1.1f 31 Mar 2020 |
| OpenSSL Header Version | OpenSSL 1.1.1f 31 Mar 2020 |
| Openssl default config | /usr/lib/ssl/openssl.cnf |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| openssl.cafile | no value | no value |
| openssl.capath | no value | no value |
pcre
| PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions) Support | enabled |
| PCRE Library Version | 10.42 2022-12-11 |
| PCRE Unicode Version | 14.0.0 |
| PCRE JIT Support | enabled |
| PCRE JIT Target | x86 64bit (little endian + unaligned) |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| pcre.backtrack_limit | 1000000 | 1000000 |
| pcre.jit | On | On |
| pcre.recursion_limit | 100000 | 100000 |
PDO
| PDO support | enabled |
|---|---|
| PDO drivers | mysql |
pdo_mysql
| PDO Driver for MySQL | enabled |
|---|---|
| Client API version | mysqlnd 8.2.25 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| pdo_mysql.default_socket | /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock | /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock |
Phar
| Phar: PHP Archive support | enabled |
|---|---|
| Phar API version | 1.1.1 |
| Phar-based phar archives | enabled |
| Tar-based phar archives | enabled |
| ZIP-based phar archives | enabled |
| gzip compression | enabled |
| bzip2 compression | enabled |
| Native OpenSSL support | enabled |
|
Phar based on pear/PHP_Archive, original concept by Davey Shafik. Phar fully realized by Gregory Beaver and Marcus Boerger. Portions of tar implementation Copyright (c) 2003-2009 Tim Kientzle. |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| phar.cache_list | no value | no value |
| phar.readonly | On | On |
| phar.require_hash | On | On |
posix
| POSIX support | enabled |
random
| Version | 8.2.25 |
readline
| Readline Support | enabled |
|---|---|
| Readline library | EditLine wrapper |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| cli.pager | no value | no value |
| cli.prompt | \b \> | \b \> |
Reflection
| Reflection | enabled |
session
| Session Support | enabled |
| Registered save handlers | files user |
| Registered serializer handlers | php_serialize php php_binary |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| session.auto_start | Off | Off |
| session.cache_expire | 180 | 180 |
| session.cache_limiter | none | nocache |
| session.cookie_domain | no value | no value |
| session.cookie_httponly | On | Off |
| session.cookie_lifetime | 0 | 0 |
| session.cookie_path | / | / |
| session.cookie_samesite | no value | no value |
| session.cookie_secure | Off | Off |
| session.gc_divisor | 1000 | 1000 |
| session.gc_maxlifetime | 900 | 1440 |
| session.gc_probability | 0 | 0 |
| session.lazy_write | On | On |
| session.name | 5a7fad22082ef2a64995d15f38ebbf73 | PHPSESSID |
| session.referer_check | no value | no value |
| session.save_handler | user | files |
| session.save_path | /var/lib/php/sessions | /var/lib/php/sessions |
| session.serialize_handler | php | php |
| session.sid_bits_per_character | 5 | 5 |
| session.sid_length | 26 | 26 |
| session.upload_progress.cleanup | On | On |
| session.upload_progress.enabled | On | On |
| session.upload_progress.freq | 1% | 1% |
| session.upload_progress.min_freq | 1 | 1 |
| session.upload_progress.name | PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS | PHP_SESSION_UPLOAD_PROGRESS |
| session.upload_progress.prefix | upload_progress_ | upload_progress_ |
| session.use_cookies | On | On |
| session.use_only_cookies | On | On |
| session.use_strict_mode | Off | Off |
| session.use_trans_sid | Off | Off |
shmop
| shmop support | enabled |
SimpleXML
| SimpleXML support | enabled |
| Schema support | enabled |
soap
| Soap Client | enabled |
| Soap Server | enabled |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| soap.wsdl_cache | 1 | 1 |
| soap.wsdl_cache_dir | /tmp | /tmp |
| soap.wsdl_cache_enabled | On | On |
| soap.wsdl_cache_limit | 5 | 5 |
| soap.wsdl_cache_ttl | 86400 | 86400 |
sockets
| Sockets Support | enabled |
sodium
| sodium support | enabled |
|---|---|
| libsodium headers version | 1.0.18 |
| libsodium library version | 1.0.18 |
SPL
| SPL support | enabled |
|---|---|
| Interfaces | OuterIterator, RecursiveIterator, SeekableIterator, SplObserver, SplSubject |
| Classes | AppendIterator, ArrayIterator, ArrayObject, BadFunctionCallException, BadMethodCallException, CachingIterator, CallbackFilterIterator, DirectoryIterator, DomainException, EmptyIterator, FilesystemIterator, FilterIterator, GlobIterator, InfiniteIterator, InvalidArgumentException, IteratorIterator, LengthException, LimitIterator, LogicException, MultipleIterator, NoRewindIterator, OutOfBoundsException, OutOfRangeException, OverflowException, ParentIterator, RangeException, RecursiveArrayIterator, RecursiveCachingIterator, RecursiveCallbackFilterIterator, RecursiveDirectoryIterator, RecursiveFilterIterator, RecursiveIteratorIterator, RecursiveRegexIterator, RecursiveTreeIterator, RegexIterator, RuntimeException, SplDoublyLinkedList, SplFileInfo, SplFileObject, SplFixedArray, SplHeap, SplMinHeap, SplMaxHeap, SplObjectStorage, SplPriorityQueue, SplQueue, SplStack, SplTempFileObject, UnderflowException, UnexpectedValueException |
standard
| Dynamic Library Support | enabled |
| Path to sendmail | /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| assert.active | On | On |
| assert.bail | Off | Off |
| assert.callback | no value | no value |
| assert.exception | On | On |
| assert.warning | On | On |
| auto_detect_line_endings | Off | Off |
| default_socket_timeout | 60 | 60 |
| from | no value | no value |
| session.trans_sid_hosts | no value | no value |
| session.trans_sid_tags | a=href,area=href,frame=src,form= | a=href,area=href,frame=src,form= |
| unserialize_max_depth | 4096 | 4096 |
| url_rewriter.hosts | no value | no value |
| url_rewriter.tags | form= | form= |
| user_agent | no value | no value |
sysvmsg
| sysvmsg support | enabled |
sysvsem
| sysvsem support | enabled |
sysvshm
| sysvshm support | enabled |
tokenizer
| Tokenizer Support | enabled |
xml
| XML Support | active |
| XML Namespace Support | active |
| libxml2 Version | 2.9.14 |
xmlreader
| XMLReader | enabled |
xmlrpc
| XMLRPC extension version | 1.0.0RC3 |
| core library version | xmlrpc-epi v. 0.54 |
| author | Dan Libby |
| homepage | http://xmlrpc-epi.sourceforge.net |
| open sourced by | Epinions.com |
xmlwriter
| XMLWriter | enabled |
xsl
| XSL | enabled |
| libxslt Version | 1.1.34 |
| libxslt compiled against libxml Version | 2.9.10 |
| EXSLT | enabled |
| libexslt Version | 1.1.34 |
Zend OPcache
| Opcode Caching | Up and Running |
| Optimization | Enabled |
| SHM Cache | Enabled |
| File Cache | Disabled |
| JIT | Disabled |
| Startup | OK |
| Shared memory model | mmap |
| Cache hits | 3165018 |
| Cache misses | 2077 |
| Used memory | 28239632 |
| Free memory | 105978096 |
| Wasted memory | 0 |
| Interned Strings Used memory | 5233288 |
| Interned Strings Free memory | 3155320 |
| Cached scripts | 1100 |
| Cached keys | 1801 |
| Max keys | 16229 |
| OOM restarts | 0 |
| Hash keys restarts | 0 |
| Manual restarts | 0 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| opcache.blacklist_filename | no value | no value |
| opcache.consistency_checks | 0 | 0 |
| opcache.dups_fix | Off | Off |
| opcache.enable | On | On |
| opcache.enable_cli | Off | Off |
| opcache.enable_file_override | Off | Off |
| opcache.error_log | no value | no value |
| opcache.file_cache | no value | no value |
| opcache.file_cache_consistency_checks | On | On |
| opcache.file_cache_only | Off | Off |
| opcache.file_update_protection | 2 | 2 |
| opcache.force_restart_timeout | 180 | 180 |
| opcache.huge_code_pages | Off | Off |
| opcache.interned_strings_buffer | 8 | 8 |
| opcache.jit | no value | no value |
| opcache.jit_bisect_limit | 0 | 0 |
| opcache.jit_blacklist_root_trace | 16 | 16 |
| opcache.jit_blacklist_side_trace | 8 | 8 |
| opcache.jit_buffer_size | 0 | 0 |
| opcache.jit_debug | 0 | 0 |
| opcache.jit_hot_func | 127 | 127 |
| opcache.jit_hot_loop | 64 | 64 |
| opcache.jit_hot_return | 8 | 8 |
| opcache.jit_hot_side_exit | 8 | 8 |
| opcache.jit_max_exit_counters | 8192 | 8192 |
| opcache.jit_max_loop_unrolls | 8 | 8 |
| opcache.jit_max_polymorphic_calls | 2 | 2 |
| opcache.jit_max_recursive_calls | 2 | 2 |
| opcache.jit_max_recursive_returns | 2 | 2 |
| opcache.jit_max_root_traces | 1024 | 1024 |
| opcache.jit_max_side_traces | 128 | 128 |
| opcache.jit_prof_threshold | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| opcache.lockfile_path | /tmp | /tmp |
| opcache.log_verbosity_level | 1 | 1 |
| opcache.max_accelerated_files | 10000 | 10000 |
| opcache.max_file_size | 0 | 0 |
| opcache.max_wasted_percentage | 5 | 5 |
| opcache.memory_consumption | 128 | 128 |
| opcache.opt_debug_level | 0 | 0 |
| opcache.optimization_level | 0x7FFEBFFF | 0x7FFEBFFF |
| opcache.preferred_memory_model | no value | no value |
| opcache.preload | no value | no value |
| opcache.preload_user | no value | no value |
| opcache.protect_memory | Off | Off |
| opcache.record_warnings | Off | Off |
| opcache.restrict_api | no value | no value |
| opcache.revalidate_freq | 2 | 2 |
| opcache.revalidate_path | Off | Off |
| opcache.save_comments | On | On |
| opcache.use_cwd | On | On |
| opcache.validate_permission | Off | Off |
| opcache.validate_root | Off | Off |
| opcache.validate_timestamps | On | On |
zip
| Zip | enabled |
| Zip version | 1.21.1 |
| Libzip version | 1.7.3 |
| BZIP2 compression | Yes |
| XZ compression | No |
| ZSTD compression | No |
| AES-128 encryption | Yes |
| AES-192 encryption | Yes |
| AES-256 encryption | Yes |
zlib
| ZLib Support | enabled |
|---|---|
| Stream Wrapper | compress.zlib:// |
| Stream Filter | zlib.inflate, zlib.deflate |
| Compiled Version | 1.2.11 |
| Linked Version | 1.2.11 |
| Directive | Local Value | Master Value |
|---|---|---|
| zlib.output_compression | Off | Off |
| zlib.output_compression_level | -1 | -1 |
| zlib.output_handler | no value | no value |
Additional Modules
| Module Name |
|---|
Environment
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| USER | www-data |
| HOME | /var/www |
PHP Variables
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| $_REQUEST['id'] | 2 |
| $_REQUEST['start'] | 20 |
| $_REQUEST['view'] | category |
| $_GET['id'] | 2 |
| $_GET['start'] | 20 |
| $_GET['view'] | category |
| $_SERVER['USER'] | www-data |
| $_SERVER['HOME'] | /var/www |
| $_SERVER['PATH_TRANSLATED'] | /var/www/html/iorgchem/en/help/info-about-menus/reaction-mechanisms |
| $_SERVER['PATH_INFO'] | /en/help/info-about-menus/reaction-mechanisms |
| $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] | /index.php |
| $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] | /index.php/en/help/info-about-menus/reaction-mechanisms?id=2&start=20&view=category |
| $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] | id=2&start=20&view=category |
| $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] | GET |
| $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] | HTTP/1.0 |
| $_SERVER['GATEWAY_INTERFACE'] | CGI/1.1 |
| $_SERVER['REMOTE_PORT'] | 45700 |
| $_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] | /var/www/html/iorgchem/index.php |
| $_SERVER['SERVER_ADMIN'] | [no address given] |
| $_SERVER['CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT'] | /var/www/html/iorgchem |
| $_SERVER['CONTEXT_PREFIX'] | no value |
| $_SERVER['REQUEST_SCHEME'] | http |
| $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] | /var/www/html/iorgchem |
| $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'] | 192.168.99.151 |
| $_SERVER['SERVER_PORT'] | 80 |
| $_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] | 192.168.99.39 |
| $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] | iorgchem.unito.it |
| $_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] | Apache/2.4.62 (Ubuntu) |
| $_SERVER['SERVER_SIGNATURE'] | <address>Apache/2.4.62 (Ubuntu) Server at iorgchem.unito.it Port 80</address> |
| $_SERVER['PATH'] | /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'] | gzip, br, zstd, deflate |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] | Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] | */* |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_CONNECTION'] | close |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO'] | https |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] | 3.133.128.227 |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_X_REAL_IP'] | 3.133.128.227 |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_X_REMOTE_IP'] | 3.133.128.227 |
| $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] | iorgchem.unito.it |
| $_SERVER['proxy-nokeepalive'] | 1 |
| $_SERVER['FCGI_ROLE'] | RESPONDER |
| $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] | /index.php/en/help/info-about-menus/reaction-mechanisms |
| $_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT'] | 1732205539.8027 |
| $_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'] | 1732205539 |
PHP Credits
| PHP Group |
|---|
| Thies C. Arntzen, Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo, Andi Gutmans, Rasmus Lerdorf, Sam Ruby, Sascha Schumann, Zeev Suraski, Jim Winstead, Andrei Zmievski |
| Language Design & Concept |
|---|
| Andi Gutmans, Rasmus Lerdorf, Zeev Suraski, Marcus Boerger |
| PHP Authors | |
|---|---|
| Contribution | Authors |
| Zend Scripting Language Engine | Andi Gutmans, Zeev Suraski, Stanislav Malyshev, Marcus Boerger, Dmitry Stogov, Xinchen Hui, Nikita Popov |
| Extension Module API | Andi Gutmans, Zeev Suraski, Andrei Zmievski |
| UNIX Build and Modularization | Stig Bakken, Sascha Schumann, Jani Taskinen, Peter Kokot |
| Windows Support | Shane Caraveo, Zeev Suraski, Wez Furlong, Pierre-Alain Joye, Anatol Belski, Kalle Sommer Nielsen |
| Server API (SAPI) Abstraction Layer | Andi Gutmans, Shane Caraveo, Zeev Suraski |
| Streams Abstraction Layer | Wez Furlong, Sara Golemon |
| PHP Data Objects Layer | Wez Furlong, Marcus Boerger, Sterling Hughes, George Schlossnagle, Ilia Alshanetsky |
| Output Handler | Zeev Suraski, Thies C. Arntzen, Marcus Boerger, Michael Wallner |
| Consistent 64 bit support | Anthony Ferrara, Anatol Belski |
| SAPI Modules | |
|---|---|
| Contribution | Authors |
| Apache 2.0 Handler | Ian Holsman, Justin Erenkrantz (based on Apache 2.0 Filter code) |
| CGI / FastCGI | Rasmus Lerdorf, Stig Bakken, Shane Caraveo, Dmitry Stogov |
| CLI | Edin Kadribasic, Marcus Boerger, Johannes Schlueter, Moriyoshi Koizumi, Xinchen Hui |
| Embed | Edin Kadribasic |
| FastCGI Process Manager | Andrei Nigmatulin, dreamcat4, Antony Dovgal, Jerome Loyet |
| litespeed | George Wang |
| phpdbg | Felipe Pena, Joe Watkins, Bob Weinand |
| Module Authors | |
|---|---|
| Module | Authors |
| BC Math | Andi Gutmans |
| Bzip2 | Sterling Hughes |
| Calendar | Shane Caraveo, Colin Viebrock, Hartmut Holzgraefe, Wez Furlong |
| COM and .Net | Wez Furlong |
| ctype | Hartmut Holzgraefe |
| cURL | Sterling Hughes |
| Date/Time Support | Derick Rethans |
| DB-LIB (MS SQL, Sybase) | Wez Furlong, Frank M. Kromann, Adam Baratz |
| DBA | Sascha Schumann, Marcus Boerger |
| DOM | Christian Stocker, Rob Richards, Marcus Boerger |
| enchant | Pierre-Alain Joye, Ilia Alshanetsky |
| EXIF | Rasmus Lerdorf, Marcus Boerger |
| FFI | Dmitry Stogov |
| fileinfo | Ilia Alshanetsky, Pierre Alain Joye, Scott MacVicar, Derick Rethans, Anatol Belski |
| Firebird driver for PDO | Ard Biesheuvel |
| FTP | Stefan Esser, Andrew Skalski |
| GD imaging | Rasmus Lerdorf, Stig Bakken, Jim Winstead, Jouni Ahto, Ilia Alshanetsky, Pierre-Alain Joye, Marcus Boerger, Mark Randall |
| GetText | Alex Plotnick |
| GNU GMP support | Stanislav Malyshev |
| Iconv | Rui Hirokawa, Stig Bakken, Moriyoshi Koizumi |
| IMAP | Rex Logan, Mark Musone, Brian Wang, Kaj-Michael Lang, Antoni Pamies Olive, Rasmus Lerdorf, Andrew Skalski, Chuck Hagenbuch, Daniel R Kalowsky |
| Input Filter | Rasmus Lerdorf, Derick Rethans, Pierre-Alain Joye, Ilia Alshanetsky |
| Internationalization | Ed Batutis, Vladimir Iordanov, Dmitry Lakhtyuk, Stanislav Malyshev, Vadim Savchuk, Kirti Velankar |
| JSON | Jakub Zelenka, Omar Kilani, Scott MacVicar |
| LDAP | Amitay Isaacs, Eric Warnke, Rasmus Lerdorf, Gerrit Thomson, Stig Venaas |
| LIBXML | Christian Stocker, Rob Richards, Marcus Boerger, Wez Furlong, Shane Caraveo |
| Multibyte String Functions | Tsukada Takuya, Rui Hirokawa |
| MySQL driver for PDO | George Schlossnagle, Wez Furlong, Ilia Alshanetsky, Johannes Schlueter |
| MySQLi | Zak Greant, Georg Richter, Andrey Hristov, Ulf Wendel |
| MySQLnd | Andrey Hristov, Ulf Wendel, Georg Richter, Johannes Schlüter |
| OCI8 | Stig Bakken, Thies C. Arntzen, Andy Sautins, David Benson, Maxim Maletsky, Harald Radi, Antony Dovgal, Andi Gutmans, Wez Furlong, Christopher Jones, Oracle Corporation |
| ODBC driver for PDO | Wez Furlong |
| ODBC | Stig Bakken, Andreas Karajannis, Frank M. Kromann, Daniel R. Kalowsky |
| Opcache | Andi Gutmans, Zeev Suraski, Stanislav Malyshev, Dmitry Stogov, Xinchen Hui |
| OpenSSL | Stig Venaas, Wez Furlong, Sascha Kettler, Scott MacVicar, Eliot Lear |
| Oracle (OCI) driver for PDO | Wez Furlong |
| pcntl | Jason Greene, Arnaud Le Blanc |
| Perl Compatible Regexps | Andrei Zmievski |
| PHP Archive | Gregory Beaver, Marcus Boerger |
| PHP Data Objects | Wez Furlong, Marcus Boerger, Sterling Hughes, George Schlossnagle, Ilia Alshanetsky |
| PHP hash | Sara Golemon, Rasmus Lerdorf, Stefan Esser, Michael Wallner, Scott MacVicar |
| Posix | Kristian Koehntopp |
| PostgreSQL driver for PDO | Edin Kadribasic, Ilia Alshanetsky |
| PostgreSQL | Jouni Ahto, Zeev Suraski, Yasuo Ohgaki, Chris Kings-Lynne |
| Pspell | Vlad Krupin |
| random | Go Kudo, Tim Düsterhus, Guilliam Xavier, Christoph M. Becker, Jakub Zelenka, Bob Weinand, Máté Kocsis, and Original RNG implementators |
| Readline | Thies C. Arntzen |
| Reflection | Marcus Boerger, Timm Friebe, George Schlossnagle, Andrei Zmievski, Johannes Schlueter |
| Sessions | Sascha Schumann, Andrei Zmievski |
| Shared Memory Operations | Slava Poliakov, Ilia Alshanetsky |
| SimpleXML | Sterling Hughes, Marcus Boerger, Rob Richards |
| SNMP | Rasmus Lerdorf, Harrie Hazewinkel, Mike Jackson, Steven Lawrance, Johann Hanne, Boris Lytochkin |
| SOAP | Brad Lafountain, Shane Caraveo, Dmitry Stogov |
| Sockets | Chris Vandomelen, Sterling Hughes, Daniel Beulshausen, Jason Greene |
| Sodium | Frank Denis |
| SPL | Marcus Boerger, Etienne Kneuss |
| SQLite 3.x driver for PDO | Wez Furlong |
| SQLite3 | Scott MacVicar, Ilia Alshanetsky, Brad Dewar |
| System V Message based IPC | Wez Furlong |
| System V Semaphores | Tom May |
| System V Shared Memory | Christian Cartus |
| tidy | John Coggeshall, Ilia Alshanetsky |
| tokenizer | Andrei Zmievski, Johannes Schlueter |
| XML | Stig Bakken, Thies C. Arntzen, Sterling Hughes |
| XMLReader | Rob Richards |
| XMLWriter | Rob Richards, Pierre-Alain Joye |
| XSL | Christian Stocker, Rob Richards |
| Zip | Pierre-Alain Joye, Remi Collet |
| Zlib | Rasmus Lerdorf, Stefan Roehrich, Zeev Suraski, Jade Nicoletti, Michael Wallner |
| PHP Documentation | |
|---|---|
| Authors | Mehdi Achour, Friedhelm Betz, Antony Dovgal, Nuno Lopes, Hannes Magnusson, Philip Olson, Georg Richter, Damien Seguy, Jakub Vrana, Adam Harvey |
| Editor | Peter Cowburn |
| User Note Maintainers | Daniel P. Brown, Thiago Henrique Pojda |
| Other Contributors | Previously active authors, editors and other contributors are listed in the manual. |
| PHP Quality Assurance Team |
|---|
| Ilia Alshanetsky, Joerg Behrens, Antony Dovgal, Stefan Esser, Moriyoshi Koizumi, Magnus Maatta, Sebastian Nohn, Derick Rethans, Melvyn Sopacua, Pierre-Alain Joye, Dmitry Stogov, Felipe Pena, David Soria Parra, Stanislav Malyshev, Julien Pauli, Stephen Zarkos, Anatol Belski, Remi Collet, Ferenc Kovacs |
| Websites and Infrastructure team | |
|---|---|
| PHP Websites Team | Rasmus Lerdorf, Hannes Magnusson, Philip Olson, Lukas Kahwe Smith, Pierre-Alain Joye, Kalle Sommer Nielsen, Peter Cowburn, Adam Harvey, Ferenc Kovacs, Levi Morrison |
| Event Maintainers | Damien Seguy, Daniel P. Brown |
| Network Infrastructure | Daniel P. Brown |
| Windows Infrastructure | Alex Schoenmaker |
| Debian Packaging |
|---|
| DEB.SURY.ORG, an Ondřej Surý project |
PHP License
|
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the PHP License as published by the PHP Group and included in the distribution in the file: LICENSE This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license, or have any questions about PHP licensing, please contact |
- Details
- By Iacopo Benesperi
- Category: Uncategorised
- Hits: 142548
Welcome to this website dedicated to the support of students engaged in the preparation of the organic chemistry exam!
Organic Chemistry is a demanding discipline, presenting interactions and connections to all other disciplines. It presents a continuous balance between theory and practice and requires a consistent application in the study. The secret to a good preparation is to constantly follow the lessons and apply immediately in reviewing the arguments of the lectures and perform numerous exercises.
The site was created to support students of Organic Chemistry Course for the degree Course in Material Science and Technology at the University of Turin, offering resources for the study of the matter and for the execution of the exercises.
In any case the exercises are freely available to all people who, finding this site through a Web search, need to practice with the organic chemistry.
Hoping that what was proposed at this site is interesting and useful for your preparation, I wish you a fruitful study and… good luck for your exam!
Page 3 of 3
iOrgChem by Pierluigi Quagliotto - Department of Chemistry - Turin University is distributed
with a Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - Share Alike 4.0 International licence.
JSmol: an open-source HTML5 viewer for chemical structures in 3D; principal developer Bob Hanson.
JSME: developed by Bruno Bienfait and Peter Ertl.
JSME: a free molecule editor in JavaScript, Journal of Cheminformatics 5:24 (2013).
